Thomas Record

Position title: Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Email: record@chem.wisc.edu

Phone: 608.262.5332

Address:
3214A Biochem
Madison, WI 53706

Research Website
Record Group
Thomas Record

EDUCATION

  • B.A. 1964, Yale University
  • Ph.D. 1967, University of California, San Diego

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RESEARCH DESCRIPTION

Biophysical chemistry of proteins, nucleic acids and their interactions

We study the self-assembly and function of proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes, using a wide range of biophysical and biochemical methods including fluorescence, circular dichroism, calorimetry, osmometry, and gel electrophoretic separations of 32P-labeled nucleic acids, quantified by phosphoimager analysis. Graduate students from IPiB, Biophysics and Chemistry and the undergraduates they mentor, have made significant contributions to understanding the energetics and mechanism of protein folding, DNA helix formation, and the binding of E. coli RNA polymerase and transcription factors including lac repressor, IHF, and HU to DNA. A common theme of these self-assembly processes is how sensitive their energetics and kinetics are to salt and solute concentration and other solution conditions, and therefore we have also studied the many differences between the cytoplasmic environment of E. coli and in vitro conditions. We also determine how common biochemical solutes like urea, amino acids, glycine betaine, the series of oligo- and polyethylene glycols, and salts from the Hofmeister series interact with other solutes and with biopolymers, and use this information to predict of interpret their effects on self-assembly and other biochemical processes, as well as to quantify the atom-atom noncovalent interactions responsible for these effects.

RNA Polymerase-Promoter DNA Interactions in Transcription Initiation
Initiation of transcription begins with site-specific binding of RNA polymerase, directed by the specificity subunit s70, to promoter DNA to form an initial closed complex (RPc). RNA polymerase in this closed complex functions as a biophysical machine, directed by its interactions with the promoter DNA sequence. This machinery bends the duplex into the clamp and cleft of RNA polymerase and then uses strand binding free energy to opens the duplex and place the start site base in the active site at the base of the clamp. Wrapping of upstream promoter DNA on RNA polymerase is needed for these downstream processes to occur efficiently, and we are using fluorescence (FRET, PIFE) assays and binding assays with 32P detection to determine the role of DNA wrapping and the kinetics and mechanism of open complex formation (summarized in the figure below). Different promoter sequences result in up to 104-fold differences in the rate of open complex formation.

Cartoon of Transcription Initiation Mechanism

After formation of the initial open complex, RNA polymerase is directed by a downstream sequence element called the discriminator to stabilize the open complex by up to 104-fold by changes in interactions of mobile elements with the downstream duplex. We are investigating how the stability of the open complex affects the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription upon addition of NTP, and to escape from its contacts with the promoter, release s70 and transition to the elongation mode of transcription. Using rapid-quench mixing with gel electrophoretic separations of 32P-labeled short and long RNA transcripts, quantified by phosphoimager analysis, we are determining the kinetics and mechanism of the steps of initiation and the buildup of translocation stress as the RNA-DNA hybrid moves into the clamp, which is used to break interactions and drive escape.

Interactions of Solutes and Hofmeister Salts; Effects on Protein and Nucleic Acid Processe
Contributions of hydrogen bonding of amide N and O atoms, nonpolar C-C interactions like the hydrophobic effect, coulombic interactions of cationic N and anionic O groups and other interactions of C, N and O atoms to specificity and stability of protein assemblies and interactions are widely recognized but have proved difficult to separate and quantify, in part because they are individually weak. Their collective effect can be quantified for small solutes, however, and dissected into individual solute-atom and atom-atom contributions in an analysis based on their accessible surface area (ASA) and the observation that for small solutes these interactions make additive free energy contributions. Studies of solute-model compound interactions allows solute-protein and solute-nucleic acid interactions, and solute effects on protein nucleic acid interactions to be predicted or interpreted in terms of changes in these processes. As examples, we recently interpreted effects of chemical denaturants urea and GuHCl on the kinetics of protein folding and unfolding to deduce the properties of the highest free energy transition state and conclude that it has as much secondary structure (helix, sheet) as the folded protein. From measurements of the effects of stabilizing and destabilizing solutes on the kinetics of forming and dissociating the lac repressor-lac operator complex, we deduced the structure of the transition state in which the DNA binding domains (DBD) of repressor contact operator DNA, and in which folding of the tethers that connect these DBD to the core repressor is nucleated but incomplete. Ongoing projects involve the use of solutes to probe the conformational changes in the steps of open complex formation, stabilization and initiation, and promoter escape by RNA polymerase. We also are attempting to dissect atom-atom interaction free energies into enthalpic and entropic contributions.

Graduate students from IPiB, Biophysics and Chemistry and the undergraduates they mentor are conducting this research. The broad range of backgrounds and interests of these students has been a key factor in our research successes and contributes to a stimulating research environment. Many of my students have gone on to academic positions in chemistry and biochemistry departments; many others are engaged in research at chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.